{"id":12972,"date":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","date_gmt":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk?p=12972"},"modified":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","modified_gmt":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","slug":"scientific-grade-cmos-scmos-cameras-fundamentals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/principes-fondamentaux-des-cameras-cmos-scmos-de-qualite-scientifique\/","title":{"rendered":"Cam\u00e9ras CMOS de qualit\u00e9 scientifique (sCMOS) : principes de base"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959409331230.jpg\" title=\"1721959409331230.jpg\" alt=\"\u4e0b\u8f7d.jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">introduire<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Les capteurs CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) sont une technologie qui existe depuis les ann\u00e9es 1990. Les premiers appareils photo CMOS \u00e9taient en concurrence avec la technologie CCD plus mature, mais au cours des ann\u00e9es 1990 et au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000, la technologie des capteurs CMOS s&#039;est am\u00e9lior\u00e9e et la technologie CCD a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pass\u00e9e comme capteur de choix pour les appareils photo num\u00e9riques grand public. La technologie a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9lior\u00e9e pour r\u00e9pondre aux exigences plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 l&#039;imagerie scientifique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">La technologie des capteurs CMOS diff\u00e8re de celle des capteurs CCD dans le sens o\u00f9, au lieu d&#039;alimenter tous les pixels du capteur via un n\u0153ud de sortie, un amplificateur et un convertisseur analogique-num\u00e9rique (CAN) comme dans les capteurs CCD, les capteurs CMOS disposent d&#039;un condensateur et d&#039;un amplificateur miniaturis\u00e9s sur chaque pixel, et d&#039;un CAN sur chaque colonne (comme illustr\u00e9 dans la Figure 1). Chaque CAN fonctionne simultan\u00e9ment, lisant la colonne enti\u00e8re, plut\u00f4t qu&#039;un seul pixel de l&#039;ensemble du capteur. Cela rend le processus plus rapide et n\u00e9cessite 100 fois moins d&#039;\u00e9nergie que l&#039;architecture du capteur CCD.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959429333302.jpg\" title=\"1721959429333302.jpg\" alt=\"\u4e0b\u8f7d (1).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Figure 1\u00a0: Comparaison des architectures de lecture des capteurs CCD \u00e0 transfert interligne et sCMOS. \u00c0 gauche\u00a0: format CCD \u00e0 transfert interligne, o\u00f9 les \u00e9lectrons sont transf\u00e9r\u00e9s du capteur vers un registre de lecture, vers un n\u0153ud de sortie, amplifi\u00e9s (via un condensateur (C) et un amplificateur (A)) et convertis en niveaux de gris num\u00e9riques par un ADC. Ces derniers sont ensuite envoy\u00e9s \u00e0 un ordinateur. \u00c0 droite\u00a0: format CMOS typique, o\u00f9 chaque pixel poss\u00e8de un condensateur et un amplificateur. Cela signifie que les photons qui frappent chaque pixel cr\u00e9ent des \u00e9lectrons qui sont convertis en une tension lisible sur le pixel. Les tensions de la colonne enti\u00e8re sont envoy\u00e9es \u00e0 un ADC (dont il y en a un par colonne), qui est envoy\u00e9 directement \u00e0 un ordinateur. Cela permet aux cam\u00e9ras CMOS d&#039;\u00eatre beaucoup plus rapides car elles fonctionnent en parall\u00e8le.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Technologie sCMOS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">En 2009, la technologie scientifique CMOS (sCMOS) a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite et les cam\u00e9ras sCMOS sont devenues disponibles en 2010-2011. Les cam\u00e9ras sCMOS offrent un faible bruit, une vitesse \u00e9lev\u00e9e et un large champ de vision, ce qui les rend id\u00e9ales pour une large gamme d&#039;applications allant de l&#039;astronomie \u00e0 la microscopie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Obturateur roulant et mode global<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Les capteurs sCMOS diff\u00e8rent des capteurs CCD dans la mesure o\u00f9 ils sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dot\u00e9s d&#039;un obturateur roulant. L&#039;acquisition d&#039;images commence en haut du capteur et se poursuit ligne par ligne. Cela permet au capteur d&#039;acqu\u00e9rir des images \u00e0 des fr\u00e9quences d&#039;images plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es et avec un bruit de lecture plus faible. La vitesse d&#039;une cam\u00e9ra sCMOS est directement li\u00e9e au nombre de lignes et au temps de ligne, qui est le temps entre l&#039;acquisition d&#039;une ligne et d&#039;une autre.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">L&#039;obturateur roulant \u00ab s&#039;ouvre \u00bb et \u00ab se ferme \u00bb en \u00e9liminant la charge d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sente dans une rang\u00e9e et en mesurant les nouveaux photons entrants. Cela permet un chevauchement entre la rang\u00e9e actuelle de pixels de l&#039;image acquise (l&#039;image en cours d&#039;acquisition) et la rang\u00e9e inf\u00e9rieure de pixels de l&#039;image pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente (l&#039;image en cours de lecture) (Figure 2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959444788899.jpg\" title=\"1721959444788899.jpg\" alt=\"\u4e0b\u8f7d (2).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Figure 2 : Sch\u00e9ma illustrant la mani\u00e8re dont l&#039;acquisition d&#039;une image se superpose \u00e0 la lecture de l&#039;image pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente. Cela permet au sCMOS d&#039;avoir une acquisition et une lecture rapides.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Certains capteurs sCMOS peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s en mode pseudo-obturateur global pour obtenir une distorsion nulle et permettre des applications impliquant des changements de mat\u00e9riel entre les images, telles que l&#039;acquisition s\u00e9quentielle \u00e0 deux canaux. Ce pseudo-obturateur global tire parti du contr\u00f4le du d\u00e9clenchement de la source lumineuse. Pour cr\u00e9er cet obturateur global, la cam\u00e9ra doit activer l&#039;obturateur roulant dans des conditions d&#039;obscurit\u00e9. Ensuite, en d\u00e9clenchant la source lumineuse et en arr\u00eatant la lumi\u00e8re en m\u00eame temps que l&#039;arr\u00eat de la cam\u00e9ra, une zone du r\u00e9seau peut \u00eatre \u00e9clair\u00e9e en m\u00eame temps, tout comme un obturateur global (comme illustr\u00e9 dans la Figure 3).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959457196712.jpg\" title=\"1721959457196712.jpg\" alt=\"\u4e0b\u8f7d (3).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Figure 3 : Les trois principaux formats d&#039;obturateur. La plupart des capteurs CCD\/EMCC sont dot\u00e9s d&#039;un v\u00e9ritable obturateur global, qui permet de lire simultan\u00e9ment tous les pixels lorsqu&#039;ils sont expos\u00e9s \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re. La plupart des capteurs sCMOS sont dot\u00e9s d&#039;un obturateur roulant, qui, bien que rapide et sensible (\u00e0 partir d&#039;un capteur r\u00e9tro\u00e9clair\u00e9), peut produire des artefacts. Un obturateur pseudo-global utilise un d\u00e9clencheur pour contr\u00f4ler la source lumineuse, ce qui permet d&#039;utiliser un obturateur global dans un obturateur roulant (si le timing est pr\u00e9cis).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Comparaison entre CCD et sCMOS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Les diff\u00e9rences entre les architectures de capteurs CCD et sCMOS pr\u00e9sentent \u00e0 la fois des avantages et des inconv\u00e9nients. Certains des avantages de la technologie sCMOS par rapport \u00e0 la technologie CCD sont les suivants :<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">1. Faible bruit de lecture : le sCMOS a un bruit de lecture d&#039;environ 1 e-, tandis que le CCD a un bruit de lecture de 5 \u00e0 6 e-. Pour en savoir plus sur le r\u00f4le de la r\u00e9duction du bruit de lecture et de l&#039;augmentation de la sensibilit\u00e9, cliquez ici.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">2. Haute vitesse : le sCMOS peut atteindre jusqu&#039;\u00e0 100 ips, tandis que le CCD atteint environ 20 ips. En effet, chaque colonne est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un ADC, ce qui fait qu&#039;une petite partie des donn\u00e9es doit \u00eatre trait\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">3. Grand champ de vision : les capteurs sCMOS ont une plage diagonale de 19 \u00e0 29 mm, tandis que les CCD ont une plage diagonale de 11 \u00e0 16 mm<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">4. Efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique : gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la parall\u00e9lisation, le sCMOS consomme 100 fois moins d&#039;\u00e9nergie que le CCD<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Bien que la technologie sCMOS soit sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la technologie CCD \u00e0 bien des \u00e9gards, elle pr\u00e9sente certains inconv\u00e9nients :<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Augmentation du bruit temporel et du bruit de motif fixe : lorsque chaque pixel est lu individuellement, davantage de bruit temporel et de bruit de motif fixe est introduit. Les capteurs sCMOS ont une zone de lecture active plus importante que les capteurs CCD, ce qui entra\u00eene une augmentation de ces sources de bruit. Cela peut \u00eatre r\u00e9duit par une conception \u00e9lectronique et un calibrage minutieux par le fabricant de l&#039;appareil photo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Artefacts d&#039;obturateur roulant : les capteurs sCMOS peuvent utiliser un obturateur roulant pour acqu\u00e9rir des images, mais si les objets dynamiques de l&#039;image sont suffisamment rapides pour se d\u00e9placer sur une \u00e9chelle de temps similaire \u00e0 celle de l&#039;obturateur roulant, des effets de distorsion peuvent \u00eatre introduits. Des lectures d\u00e9cal\u00e9es entre les rang\u00e9es sup\u00e9rieure et inf\u00e9rieure du capteur peuvent \u00e9galement provoquer des artefacts d&#039;image et une perte d&#039;informations, et augmenter consid\u00e9rablement le temps d&#039;exposition minimum effectif pour certaines applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">sCMOS r\u00e9tro\u00e9clair\u00e9<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Certains des premiers capteurs sCMOS pr\u00e9sentaient des probl\u00e8mes de qualit\u00e9 de fond et de bruit, limitant l&#039;utilisation du CMOS dans les applications plus exigeantes. Pour surmonter ce probl\u00e8me, la technologie devait \u00eatre am\u00e9lior\u00e9e avec une sensibilit\u00e9 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e. En 2016, le sCMOS r\u00e9tro\u00e9clair\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduit, offrant une efficacit\u00e9 quantique de pointe (QE) de 95% sans compromettre la taille des pixels, tout en am\u00e9liorant la qualit\u00e9 de fond. La figure 4 montre un sch\u00e9ma de la technologie sCMOS r\u00e9tro\u00e9clair\u00e9e, ainsi qu&#039;une courbe QE montrant la diff\u00e9rence entre le sCMOS pr\u00e9coce et le sCMOS r\u00e9tro\u00e9clair\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959478169910.jpg\" title=\"1721959478169910.jpg\" alt=\"\u4e0b\u8f7d (4).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Figure 4\u00a0: Technologies sCMOS \u00e0 \u00e9clairage frontal et r\u00e9tro\u00e9clair\u00e9. En haut\u00a0: les capteurs \u00e0 \u00e9clairage frontal (\u00e0 gauche) ont un QE plus faible car la lumi\u00e8re est diffus\u00e9e dans les pixels et le c\u00e2blage du capteur avant de frapper le substrat en silicium. Dans les capteurs \u00e0 \u00e9clairage r\u00e9tro\u00e9clair\u00e9 (\u00e0 droite), la lumi\u00e8re frappe directement le capteur, ce qui entra\u00eene un QE plus \u00e9lev\u00e9. En bas\u00a0: comparaison des courbes QE pour diff\u00e9rentes technologies sCMOS \u00e0 \u00e9clairage frontal (anciennes technologies sCMOS 72% et 82%) par rapport \u00e0 la technologie sCMOS \u00e0 \u00e9clairage r\u00e9tro\u00e9clair\u00e9 (le QE de KURO culmine \u00e0 95%).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">R\u00e9sumer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Les capteurs sCMOS tirent parti de l&#039;int\u00e9gration de circuits actifs dans des pixels individuels. Cela permet de lire chaque pixel individuellement. Un convertisseur analogique-num\u00e9rique est \u00e9galement fix\u00e9 \u00e0 chaque colonne, ce qui permet d&#039;obtenir des fr\u00e9quences d&#039;images plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es tout en conservant un faible bruit de lecture, un large champ de vision et une efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Bien que le bruit temporel et le bruit \u00e0 motif fixe augmentent en raison de l&#039;augmentation des circuits actifs sur le capteur, la technologie sCMOS pr\u00e9sente toujours des avantages dans une large gamme d&#039;applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>introduce \u3000\u3000Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors are a technology that has been around since the 1990s. Early CMOS cameras were competing with the more mature CCD technology, but during the 1990s and early 2000s, CMOS sensor technology improved and CCD technology was surpassed as the sensor of choice for consumer digital cameras. The technology was subsequently further improved to meet the higher requirements necessary for scientific imaging. \u3000\u3000CMOS sensor technology differs from CCD sensors in that, instead of feeding all sensor pixels through one output node, one amplifier, and one analog-to-digital converter (ADC) as in CCD sensors, CMOS sensors have a miniaturized capacitor and amplifier on each pixel, and one ADC on each column (as shown in Figure 1). Each ADC works simultaneously, reading out the entire column, rather than a single pixel of the entire sensor. This makes the process faster and requires 100 times less power than the CCD sensor architecture. Figure 1: Comparing the readout architectures of interline transfer CCD and sCMOS sensors. Left: Interline transfer CCD format, where electrons are transferred from the sensor to a readout register, to an output node, amplified (via a capacitor (C) and amplifier (A)), and converted to digital grayscale levels by an ADC. This is then sent to a computer. Right: A typical CMOS format, where each pixel has a capacitor and amplifier. This means that photons that hit each pixel create electrons that are converted to a readable voltage across the pixel. The voltages from the entire column are sent to an ADC (of which there is one per column), which is sent directly to a computer. This allows CMOS cameras to be much faster as they work in parallel. \u3000\u3000sCMOS Technology \u3000\u3000In 2009, scientific CMOS (sCMOS) technology was introduced, and sCMOS cameras became available in 2010-11. sCMOS cameras offer low noise, high speed, and a large field of view, making them ideal for a wide range of applications from astronomy to microscopy. \u3000\u3000Rolling Shutter and Global Mode \u3000\u3000sCMOS sensors differ from CCD sensors in that they typically have a rolling shutter. Image acquisition starts at the top of the sensor and works its way down line by line. This allows the sensor to acquire images at higher frame rates and with lower read noise. The speed of an sCMOS camera is directly related to the number of lines and the line time, which is the time between acquiring one line and another. \u3000\u3000The rolling shutter &quot;opens&quot; and &quot;closes&quot; by clearing the charge already within a row and measuring any new incoming photons. This allows overlap to occur between the current row of pixels in the acquired frame (the image being acquired) and the lower row of pixels in the previous frame (the image being read out) (Figure 2). Figure 2: Schematic diagram indicating how the acquisition of a frame overlaps with the readout of the previous frame. This enables sCMOS to have fast acquisition and readout. \u3000\u3000Some sCMOS sensors can be used in a pseudo-global shutter mode to achieve zero distortion and enable applications involving hardware changes between frames, such as sequential dual-channel acquisition. This pseudo-global shutter takes advantage of the control of the light source triggering. To create this global shutter, the camera needs to activate the rolling shutter in dark conditions. Then, by triggering the light source and stopping the light at the same time as stopping the camera, an area of the array can be illuminated at the same time, just like a global shutter (as shown in Figure 3). Figure 3: The three main shutter formats. Most CCD\/EMCCs have a true global shutter, which allows all pixels to be read simultaneously when they are exposed to light. Most sCMOS sensors have a rolling shutter, which, while fast and sensitive (from a back-illuminated sensor), can produce artifacts. A pseudo-global shutter uses a trigger to control the light source, allowing a global shutter to be used within a rolling shutter (if timed precisely). \u3000\u3000Comparison between CCD and sCMOS \u3000\u3000The differences in CCD and sCMOS sensor architectures have both advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages of sCMOS technology over CCD technology are as follows: \u3000\u30001. Low read noise: sCMOS has a read noise of ~1 e-, while CCD has a read noise of 5-6 e-. To learn about the role of reduced read noise and increased sensitivity, click here. \u3000\u30002. High speed: sCMOS can reach up to 100s fps, while CCD is ~20 fps. This is because each column has an associated ADC, so a small portion of the data needs to be processed. \u3000\u30003. Large field of view: sCMOS sensors have a diagonal range of 19-29 mm, while CCDs have a diagonal range of 11-16 mm \u3000\u30004. Power efficiency: Due to parallelization, sCMOS consumes 100 times less power than CCD \u3000\u3000While sCMOS technology is superior to CCD technology in many ways, it does have some disadvantages: \u3000\u3000Increased temporal and fixed pattern noise: When each pixel is read out individually, more temporal and fixed pattern noise is introduced. sCMOS sensors have more active readout area compared to CCDs, which leads to an increase in these noise sources. This can be reduced by careful electronic design and calibration by the camera company. \u3000\u3000Rolling shutter artifacts: sCMOS sensors can use a rolling shutter to acquire images, but if dynamic objects in the image are fast enough to move on a similar time scale as the rolling shutter, distortion effects can be introduced. Staggered readouts between the top and bottom rows of the sensor can also cause image artifacts and information loss, and significantly increase the effective minimum exposure time for some applications. \u3000\u3000Back-illuminated sCMOS \u3000\u3000Some early sCMOS sensors had background quality and noise issues, limiting the use of CMOS in more demanding applications. To overcome this issue, the technology needed to be improved with higher sensitivity. In 2016, back-illuminated sCMOS was introduced, offering 95% peak quantum efficiency (QE) without compromising pixel size, while also improving background quality. Figure 4 shows a schematic of back-illuminated sCMOS technology,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12972","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12972"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12972\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}