{"id":12972,"date":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","date_gmt":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk?p=12972"},"modified":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","modified_gmt":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","slug":"scientific-grade-cmos-scmos-cameras-fundamentals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/kamera-cmos-scmos-kelas-ilmiah-dasar\/","title":{"rendered":"Kamera CMOS tingkat ilmiah (sCMOS): Dasar-dasar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959409331230.jpg\" title=\"1721959409331230.jpg\" alt=\"\u4e0b\u8f7d.jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">memperkenalkan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Sensor Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) merupakan teknologi yang sudah ada sejak tahun 1990-an. Kamera CMOS awal bersaing dengan teknologi CCD yang lebih matang, tetapi selama tahun 1990-an dan awal 2000-an, teknologi sensor CMOS mengalami peningkatan dan teknologi CCD dilampaui sebagai sensor pilihan untuk kamera digital konsumen. Teknologi ini kemudian ditingkatkan lebih lanjut untuk memenuhi persyaratan yang lebih tinggi yang diperlukan untuk pencitraan ilmiah.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Teknologi sensor CMOS berbeda dari sensor CCD karena, alih-alih menyalurkan semua piksel sensor melalui satu simpul keluaran, satu penguat, dan satu konverter analog-ke-digital (ADC) seperti pada sensor CCD, sensor CMOS memiliki kapasitor dan penguat mini pada setiap piksel, dan satu ADC pada setiap kolom (seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1). Setiap ADC bekerja secara bersamaan, membaca seluruh kolom, bukan satu piksel dari seluruh sensor. Hal ini membuat proses lebih cepat dan membutuhkan daya 100 kali lebih sedikit daripada arsitektur sensor CCD.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959429333302.jpg\" title=\"1721959429333302.jpg\" alt=\"Berikutnya (1).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Gambar 1: Membandingkan arsitektur pembacaan sensor CCD transfer interline dan sCMOS. Kiri: Format CCD transfer interline, tempat elektron ditransfer dari sensor ke register pembacaan, ke simpul keluaran, diperkuat (melalui kapasitor (C) dan penguat (A)), dan diubah ke level skala abu-abu digital oleh ADC. Ini kemudian dikirim ke komputer. Kanan: Format CMOS yang umum, tempat setiap piksel memiliki kapasitor dan penguat. Ini berarti bahwa foton yang mengenai setiap piksel menciptakan elektron yang diubah menjadi tegangan yang dapat dibaca di seluruh piksel. Tegangan dari seluruh kolom dikirim ke ADC (yang jumlahnya satu per kolom), yang dikirim langsung ke komputer. Ini memungkinkan kamera CMOS menjadi jauh lebih cepat karena bekerja secara paralel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Teknologi sCMOS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Pada tahun 2009, teknologi CMOS ilmiah (sCMOS) diperkenalkan, dan kamera sCMOS tersedia pada tahun 2010-11. Kamera sCMOS menawarkan noise rendah, kecepatan tinggi, dan bidang pandang besar, menjadikannya ideal untuk berbagai aplikasi mulai dari astronomi hingga mikroskopi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Rolling Shutter dan Mode Global<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Sensor sCMOS berbeda dari sensor CCD karena biasanya memiliki rana bergulir. Akuisisi gambar dimulai di bagian atas sensor dan berlanjut ke baris demi baris. Hal ini memungkinkan sensor untuk memperoleh gambar pada kecepatan bingkai yang lebih tinggi dan dengan gangguan pembacaan yang lebih rendah. Kecepatan kamera sCMOS secara langsung terkait dengan jumlah baris dan waktu baris, yang merupakan waktu antara akuisisi satu baris dan baris lainnya.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Rolling shutter &quot;terbuka&quot; dan &quot;tertutup&quot; dengan membersihkan muatan yang sudah ada dalam satu baris dan mengukur foton baru yang masuk. Hal ini memungkinkan terjadinya tumpang tindih antara baris piksel saat ini dalam bingkai yang diambil (gambar yang sedang diambil) dan baris piksel yang lebih rendah dalam bingkai sebelumnya (gambar yang sedang dibaca) (Gambar 2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959444788899.jpg\" title=\"1721959444788899.jpg\" alt=\"Berikutnya (2).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Gambar 2: Diagram skematik yang menunjukkan bagaimana akuisisi suatu frame tumpang tindih dengan pembacaan frame sebelumnya. Hal ini memungkinkan sCMOS untuk melakukan akuisisi dan pembacaan yang cepat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Beberapa sensor sCMOS dapat digunakan dalam mode pseudo-global shutter untuk mencapai distorsi nol dan mengaktifkan aplikasi yang melibatkan perubahan perangkat keras antar frame, seperti akuisisi dual-channel berurutan. Pseudo-global shutter ini memanfaatkan kontrol pemicu sumber cahaya. Untuk membuat global shutter ini, kamera perlu mengaktifkan rolling shutter dalam kondisi gelap. Kemudian, dengan memicu sumber cahaya dan menghentikan cahaya pada saat yang sama saat menghentikan kamera, suatu area dari susunan tersebut dapat diterangi pada saat yang sama, seperti halnya global shutter (seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 3).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959457196712.jpg\" title=\"1721959457196712.jpg\" alt=\"Berikutnya (3).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Gambar 3: Tiga format rana utama. Sebagian besar CCD\/EMCC memiliki rana global sejati, yang memungkinkan semua piksel dibaca secara bersamaan saat terkena cahaya. Sebagian besar sensor sCMOS memiliki rana bergulir, yang, meskipun cepat dan sensitif (dari sensor yang diterangi dari belakang), dapat menghasilkan artefak. Rana global semu menggunakan pemicu untuk mengendalikan sumber cahaya, yang memungkinkan rana global digunakan dalam rana bergulir (jika waktunya tepat).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Perbandingan antara CCD dan sCMOS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Perbedaan arsitektur sensor CCD dan sCMOS memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan. Berikut ini adalah beberapa kelebihan teknologi sCMOS dibandingkan teknologi CCD:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">1. Kebisingan pembacaan rendah: sCMOS memiliki kebisingan pembacaan sekitar 1 e-, sedangkan CCD memiliki kebisingan pembacaan sekitar 5-6 e-. Untuk mempelajari tentang peran kebisingan pembacaan yang berkurang dan peningkatan sensitivitas, klik di sini.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">2. Kecepatan tinggi: sCMOS dapat mencapai hingga 100 detik fps, sedangkan CCD sekitar 20 fps. Hal ini karena setiap kolom memiliki ADC terkait, sehingga sebagian kecil data perlu diproses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">3. Bidang pandang besar: Sensor sCMOS memiliki rentang diagonal 19-29 mm, sedangkan CCD memiliki rentang diagonal 11-16 mm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">4. Efisiensi daya: Karena paralelisasi, sCMOS mengonsumsi daya 100 kali lebih sedikit daripada CCD<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Meskipun teknologi sCMOS lebih unggul daripada teknologi CCD dalam banyak hal, teknologi ini juga memiliki beberapa kelemahan:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Peningkatan noise pola temporal dan tetap: Ketika setiap piksel dibaca secara individual, lebih banyak noise pola temporal dan tetap yang muncul. Sensor CMOS memiliki area pembacaan aktif yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan CCD, yang menyebabkan peningkatan sumber noise ini. Hal ini dapat dikurangi dengan desain elektronik dan kalibrasi yang cermat oleh perusahaan kamera.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Artefak rana bergulir: Sensor sCMOS dapat menggunakan rana bergulir untuk memperoleh gambar, tetapi jika objek dinamis dalam gambar cukup cepat untuk bergerak pada skala waktu yang sama seperti rana bergulir, efek distorsi dapat terjadi. Pembacaan yang terhuyung-huyung antara baris atas dan bawah sensor juga dapat menyebabkan artefak gambar dan hilangnya informasi, dan secara signifikan meningkatkan waktu pencahayaan minimum yang efektif untuk beberapa aplikasi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">sCMOS dengan lampu latar<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Beberapa sensor sCMOS awal memiliki masalah kualitas latar belakang dan noise, yang membatasi penggunaan CMOS dalam aplikasi yang lebih menuntut. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, teknologi perlu ditingkatkan dengan sensitivitas yang lebih tinggi. Pada tahun 2016, sCMOS dengan cahaya latar belakang diperkenalkan, yang menawarkan efisiensi kuantum puncak (QE) 95% tanpa mengurangi ukuran piksel, sekaligus meningkatkan kualitas latar belakang. Gambar 4 menunjukkan skema teknologi sCMOS dengan cahaya latar belakang, beserta kurva QE yang menunjukkan perbedaan antara sCMOS awal dan sCMOS dengan cahaya latar belakang.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959478169910.jpg\" title=\"1721959478169910.jpg\" alt=\"Berikutnya (4).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gambar 4: Teknologi sCMOS dengan Cahaya Depan vs. Cahaya Belakang. Atas: Sensor dengan cahaya depan (kiri) memiliki QE yang lebih rendah karena cahaya tersebar di dalam piksel dan kabel sensor sebelum mengenai substrat silikon. Pada sensor dengan cahaya belakang (kanan), cahaya langsung mengenai sensor, sehingga menghasilkan QE yang lebih tinggi. Bawah: Perbandingan kurva QE untuk berbagai teknologi sCMOS dengan cahaya depan (awal, sCMOS 72%, dan 82%) versus teknologi sCMOS dengan cahaya belakang (QE KURO mencapai puncaknya pada 95%).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Meringkaskan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Sensor sCMOS memanfaatkan integrasi sirkuit aktif ke dalam piksel individual. Hal ini memungkinkan setiap piksel dibaca secara individual. Konverter analog-ke-digital juga dipasang pada setiap kolom, yang memungkinkan kecepatan bingkai yang lebih tinggi sambil tetap mempertahankan kebisingan pembacaan yang rendah, bidang pandang yang luas, dan efisiensi daya yang tinggi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Meskipun derau temporal dan derau pola tetap meningkat akibat bertambahnya sirkuit aktif pada sensor, teknologi sCMOS masih memiliki keunggulan dalam berbagai aplikasi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>introduce \u3000\u3000Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors are a technology that has been around since the 1990s. Early CMOS cameras were competing with the more mature CCD technology, but during the 1990s and early 2000s, CMOS sensor technology improved and CCD technology was surpassed as the sensor of choice for consumer digital cameras. The technology was subsequently further improved to meet the higher requirements necessary for scientific imaging. \u3000\u3000CMOS sensor technology differs from CCD sensors in that, instead of feeding all sensor pixels through one output node, one amplifier, and one analog-to-digital converter (ADC) as in CCD sensors, CMOS sensors have a miniaturized capacitor and amplifier on each pixel, and one ADC on each column (as shown in Figure 1). Each ADC works simultaneously, reading out the entire column, rather than a single pixel of the entire sensor. This makes the process faster and requires 100 times less power than the CCD sensor architecture. Figure 1: Comparing the readout architectures of interline transfer CCD and sCMOS sensors. Left: Interline transfer CCD format, where electrons are transferred from the sensor to a readout register, to an output node, amplified (via a capacitor (C) and amplifier (A)), and converted to digital grayscale levels by an ADC. This is then sent to a computer. Right: A typical CMOS format, where each pixel has a capacitor and amplifier. This means that photons that hit each pixel create electrons that are converted to a readable voltage across the pixel. The voltages from the entire column are sent to an ADC (of which there is one per column), which is sent directly to a computer. This allows CMOS cameras to be much faster as they work in parallel. \u3000\u3000sCMOS Technology \u3000\u3000In 2009, scientific CMOS (sCMOS) technology was introduced, and sCMOS cameras became available in 2010-11. sCMOS cameras offer low noise, high speed, and a large field of view, making them ideal for a wide range of applications from astronomy to microscopy. \u3000\u3000Rolling Shutter and Global Mode \u3000\u3000sCMOS sensors differ from CCD sensors in that they typically have a rolling shutter. Image acquisition starts at the top of the sensor and works its way down line by line. This allows the sensor to acquire images at higher frame rates and with lower read noise. The speed of an sCMOS camera is directly related to the number of lines and the line time, which is the time between acquiring one line and another. \u3000\u3000The rolling shutter &quot;opens&quot; and &quot;closes&quot; by clearing the charge already within a row and measuring any new incoming photons. This allows overlap to occur between the current row of pixels in the acquired frame (the image being acquired) and the lower row of pixels in the previous frame (the image being read out) (Figure 2). Figure 2: Schematic diagram indicating how the acquisition of a frame overlaps with the readout of the previous frame. This enables sCMOS to have fast acquisition and readout. \u3000\u3000Some sCMOS sensors can be used in a pseudo-global shutter mode to achieve zero distortion and enable applications involving hardware changes between frames, such as sequential dual-channel acquisition. This pseudo-global shutter takes advantage of the control of the light source triggering. To create this global shutter, the camera needs to activate the rolling shutter in dark conditions. Then, by triggering the light source and stopping the light at the same time as stopping the camera, an area of the array can be illuminated at the same time, just like a global shutter (as shown in Figure 3). Figure 3: The three main shutter formats. Most CCD\/EMCCs have a true global shutter, which allows all pixels to be read simultaneously when they are exposed to light. Most sCMOS sensors have a rolling shutter, which, while fast and sensitive (from a back-illuminated sensor), can produce artifacts. A pseudo-global shutter uses a trigger to control the light source, allowing a global shutter to be used within a rolling shutter (if timed precisely). \u3000\u3000Comparison between CCD and sCMOS \u3000\u3000The differences in CCD and sCMOS sensor architectures have both advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages of sCMOS technology over CCD technology are as follows: \u3000\u30001. Low read noise: sCMOS has a read noise of ~1 e-, while CCD has a read noise of 5-6 e-. To learn about the role of reduced read noise and increased sensitivity, click here. \u3000\u30002. High speed: sCMOS can reach up to 100s fps, while CCD is ~20 fps. This is because each column has an associated ADC, so a small portion of the data needs to be processed. \u3000\u30003. Large field of view: sCMOS sensors have a diagonal range of 19-29 mm, while CCDs have a diagonal range of 11-16 mm \u3000\u30004. Power efficiency: Due to parallelization, sCMOS consumes 100 times less power than CCD \u3000\u3000While sCMOS technology is superior to CCD technology in many ways, it does have some disadvantages: \u3000\u3000Increased temporal and fixed pattern noise: When each pixel is read out individually, more temporal and fixed pattern noise is introduced. sCMOS sensors have more active readout area compared to CCDs, which leads to an increase in these noise sources. This can be reduced by careful electronic design and calibration by the camera company. \u3000\u3000Rolling shutter artifacts: sCMOS sensors can use a rolling shutter to acquire images, but if dynamic objects in the image are fast enough to move on a similar time scale as the rolling shutter, distortion effects can be introduced. Staggered readouts between the top and bottom rows of the sensor can also cause image artifacts and information loss, and significantly increase the effective minimum exposure time for some applications. \u3000\u3000Back-illuminated sCMOS \u3000\u3000Some early sCMOS sensors had background quality and noise issues, limiting the use of CMOS in more demanding applications. To overcome this issue, the technology needed to be improved with higher sensitivity. In 2016, back-illuminated sCMOS was introduced, offering 95% peak quantum efficiency (QE) without compromising pixel size, while also improving background quality. Figure 4 shows a schematic of back-illuminated sCMOS technology,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12972","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12972"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12972\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}