{"id":12972,"date":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","date_gmt":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk?p=12972"},"modified":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","modified_gmt":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","slug":"scientific-grade-cmos-scmos-cameras-fundamentals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/cameras-scmos-de-grau-cientifico-cmos-fundamentos\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e2meras CMOS de n\u00edvel cient\u00edfico (sCMOS): Fundamentos"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959409331230.jpg\" title=\"1721959409331230.jpg\" alt=\"\u4e0b\u8f7d.jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">introduzir<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Sensores Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) s\u00e3o uma tecnologia que existe desde a d\u00e9cada de 1990. As primeiras c\u00e2meras CMOS competiam com a tecnologia CCD mais madura, mas durante a d\u00e9cada de 1990 e o in\u00edcio dos anos 2000, a tecnologia do sensor CMOS melhorou e a tecnologia CCD foi superada como o sensor de escolha para c\u00e2meras digitais de consumo. A tecnologia foi posteriormente melhorada para atender aos requisitos mais elevados necess\u00e1rios para imagens cient\u00edficas.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">A tecnologia de sensor CMOS difere dos sensores CCD porque, em vez de alimentar todos os pixels do sensor por meio de um n\u00f3 de sa\u00edda, um amplificador e um conversor anal\u00f3gico-digital (ADC) como nos sensores CCD, os sensores CMOS t\u00eam um capacitor e amplificador miniaturizados em cada pixel e um ADC em cada coluna (conforme mostrado na Figura 1). Cada ADC funciona simultaneamente, lendo a coluna inteira, em vez de um \u00fanico pixel de todo o sensor. Isso torna o processo mais r\u00e1pido e requer 100 vezes menos energia do que a arquitetura do sensor CCD.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959429333302.jpg\" title=\"1721959429333302.jpg\" alt=\"Por favor (1).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Figura 1: Comparando as arquiteturas de leitura de sensores CCD de transfer\u00eancia interlinear e sCMOS. Esquerda: Formato CCD de transfer\u00eancia interlinear, onde el\u00e9trons s\u00e3o transferidos do sensor para um registro de leitura, para um n\u00f3 de sa\u00edda, amplificados (por meio de um capacitor (C) e amplificador (A)) e convertidos para n\u00edveis de escala de cinza digital por um ADC. Isso \u00e9 ent\u00e3o enviado para um computador. Direita: Um formato CMOS t\u00edpico, onde cada pixel tem um capacitor e um amplificador. Isso significa que os f\u00f3tons que atingem cada pixel criam el\u00e9trons que s\u00e3o convertidos em uma voltagem leg\u00edvel atrav\u00e9s do pixel. As voltagens de toda a coluna s\u00e3o enviadas para um ADC (dos quais h\u00e1 um por coluna), que \u00e9 enviado diretamente para um computador. Isso permite que as c\u00e2meras CMOS sejam muito mais r\u00e1pidas, pois funcionam em paralelo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Tecnologia sCMOS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Em 2009, a tecnologia cient\u00edfica CMOS (sCMOS) foi introduzida, e as c\u00e2meras sCMOS ficaram dispon\u00edveis em 2010-11. As c\u00e2meras sCMOS oferecem baixo ru\u00eddo, alta velocidade e um grande campo de vis\u00e3o, tornando-as ideais para uma ampla gama de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, da astronomia \u00e0 microscopia.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Obturador Rolante e Modo Global<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Os sensores sCMOS diferem dos sensores CCD porque eles normalmente t\u00eam um obturador rolante. A aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o de imagens come\u00e7a no topo do sensor e desce linha por linha. Isso permite que o sensor adquira imagens em taxas de quadros mais altas e com menor ru\u00eddo de leitura. A velocidade de uma c\u00e2mera sCMOS est\u00e1 diretamente relacionada ao n\u00famero de linhas e ao tempo de linha, que \u00e9 o tempo entre a aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma linha e outra.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">O obturador rolante &quot;abre&quot; e &quot;fecha&quot; limpando a carga j\u00e1 dentro de uma fileira e medindo quaisquer novos f\u00f3tons de entrada. Isso permite que ocorra sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o entre a fileira atual de pixels no quadro adquirido (a imagem sendo adquirida) e a fileira inferior de pixels no quadro anterior (a imagem sendo lida) (Figura 2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959444788899.jpg\" title=\"1721959444788899.jpg\" alt=\"Por favor (2).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Figura 2: Diagrama esquem\u00e1tico indicando como a aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o de um quadro se sobrep\u00f5e \u00e0 leitura do quadro anterior. Isso permite que o sCMOS tenha aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o e leitura r\u00e1pidas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Alguns sensores sCMOS podem ser usados em um modo de obturador pseudoglobal para atingir distor\u00e7\u00e3o zero e habilitar aplica\u00e7\u00f5es que envolvam mudan\u00e7as de hardware entre quadros, como aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o sequencial de canal duplo. Este obturador pseudoglobal aproveita o controle do disparo da fonte de luz. Para criar este obturador global, a c\u00e2mera precisa ativar o obturador rolante em condi\u00e7\u00f5es escuras. Ent\u00e3o, ao disparar a fonte de luz e parar a luz ao mesmo tempo que para a c\u00e2mera, uma \u00e1rea da matriz pode ser iluminada ao mesmo tempo, assim como um obturador global (como mostrado na Figura 3).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959457196712.jpg\" title=\"1721959457196712.jpg\" alt=\"Por favor (3).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Figura 3: Os tr\u00eas principais formatos de obturador. A maioria dos CCD\/EMCCs tem um obturador global verdadeiro, que permite que todos os pixels sejam lidos simultaneamente quando expostos \u00e0 luz. A maioria dos sensores sCMOS tem um obturador rolante, que, embora r\u00e1pido e sens\u00edvel (de um sensor retroiluminado), pode produzir artefatos. Um obturador pseudoglobal usa um gatilho para controlar a fonte de luz, permitindo que um obturador global seja usado dentro de um obturador rolante (se cronometrado precisamente).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Compara\u00e7\u00e3o entre CCD e sCMOS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">As diferen\u00e7as nas arquiteturas de sensores CCD e sCMOS t\u00eam vantagens e desvantagens. Algumas das vantagens da tecnologia sCMOS sobre a tecnologia CCD s\u00e3o as seguintes:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">1. Baixo ru\u00eddo de leitura: sCMOS tem um ru\u00eddo de leitura de ~1 e-, enquanto CCD tem um ru\u00eddo de leitura de 5-6 e-. Para saber mais sobre o papel da redu\u00e7\u00e3o do ru\u00eddo de leitura e do aumento da sensibilidade, clique aqui.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">2. Alta velocidade: sCMOS pode atingir at\u00e9 100s fps, enquanto CCD \u00e9 ~20 fps. Isso ocorre porque cada coluna tem um ADC associado, ent\u00e3o uma pequena por\u00e7\u00e3o dos dados precisa ser processada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">3. Grande campo de vis\u00e3o: os sensores sCMOS t\u00eam uma faixa diagonal de 19-29 mm, enquanto os CCDs t\u00eam uma faixa diagonal de 11-16 mm<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">4. Efici\u00eancia energ\u00e9tica: Devido \u00e0 paraleliza\u00e7\u00e3o, o sCMOS consome 100 vezes menos energia do que o CCD<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Embora a tecnologia sCMOS seja superior \u00e0 tecnologia CCD em muitos aspectos, ela tem algumas desvantagens:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Aumento do ru\u00eddo temporal e do padr\u00e3o fixo: Quando cada pixel \u00e9 lido individualmente, mais ru\u00eddo temporal e do padr\u00e3o fixo \u00e9 introduzido. Sensores sCMOS t\u00eam mais \u00e1rea de leitura ativa em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com CCDs, o que leva a um aumento nessas fontes de ru\u00eddo. Isso pode ser reduzido por um design eletr\u00f4nico cuidadoso e calibra\u00e7\u00e3o pela empresa da c\u00e2mera.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Artefatos de obturador rolante: sensores sCMOS podem usar um obturador rolante para adquirir imagens, mas se objetos din\u00e2micos na imagem forem r\u00e1pidos o suficiente para se mover em uma escala de tempo semelhante \u00e0 do obturador rolante, efeitos de distor\u00e7\u00e3o podem ser introduzidos. Leituras escalonadas entre as linhas superior e inferior do sensor tamb\u00e9m podem causar artefatos de imagem e perda de informa\u00e7\u00f5es, e aumentar significativamente o tempo m\u00ednimo efetivo de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o para algumas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">sCMOS retroiluminado<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, STHeiti, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\">Alguns sensores sCMOS iniciais tinham problemas de ru\u00eddo e qualidade de fundo, limitando o uso do CMOS em aplica\u00e7\u00f5es mais exigentes. Para superar esse problema, a tecnologia precisava ser aprimorada com maior sensibilidade. Em 2016, o sCMOS retroiluminado foi introduzido, oferecendo efici\u00eancia qu\u00e2ntica de pico (QE) de 95% sem comprometer o tamanho do pixel, ao mesmo tempo em que melhorava a qualidade de fundo. A Figura 4 mostra um esquema da tecnologia sCMOS retroiluminada, juntamente com uma curva QE mostrando a diferen\u00e7a entre o sCMOS inicial e o sCMOS retroiluminado.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/image\/20240726\/1721959478169910.jpg\" title=\"1721959478169910.jpg\" alt=\"Por favor (4).jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Figura 4: Tecnologias sCMOS com ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o frontal vs. retroilumina\u00e7\u00e3o. Superior: Sensores com ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o frontal (esquerda) t\u00eam QE menor porque a luz \u00e9 espalhada dentro dos pixels e da fia\u00e7\u00e3o do sensor antes de atingir o substrato de sil\u00edcio. Em sensores com ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o traseira (direita), a luz atinge o sensor diretamente, resultando em um QE maior. Inferior: Compara\u00e7\u00e3o das curvas de QE para v\u00e1rias tecnologias sCMOS com ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o frontal (iniciais, 72% e 82% sCMOS) versus tecnologia sCMOS com ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o traseira (o pico de QE da KURO \u00e9 95%).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u3000\u3000<strong style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\">Resumir<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u3000\u3000<span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Os sensores sCMOS aproveitam a integra\u00e7\u00e3o de circuitos ativos em pixels individuais. Isso permite que cada pixel seja lido individualmente. Um conversor anal\u00f3gico-digital tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 conectado a cada coluna, permitindo maiores taxas de quadros, mantendo ainda baixo ru\u00eddo de leitura, um grande campo de vis\u00e3o e alta efici\u00eancia de energia.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: 34px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Embora o ru\u00eddo temporal e o ru\u00eddo de padr\u00e3o fixo aumentem devido ao aumento de circuitos ativos no sensor, a tecnologia sCMOS ainda tem vantagens em uma ampla gama de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>introduce \u3000\u3000Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors are a technology that has been around since the 1990s. Early CMOS cameras were competing with the more mature CCD technology, but during the 1990s and early 2000s, CMOS sensor technology improved and CCD technology was surpassed as the sensor of choice for consumer digital cameras. The technology was subsequently further improved to meet the higher requirements necessary for scientific imaging. \u3000\u3000CMOS sensor technology differs from CCD sensors in that, instead of feeding all sensor pixels through one output node, one amplifier, and one analog-to-digital converter (ADC) as in CCD sensors, CMOS sensors have a miniaturized capacitor and amplifier on each pixel, and one ADC on each column (as shown in Figure 1). Each ADC works simultaneously, reading out the entire column, rather than a single pixel of the entire sensor. This makes the process faster and requires 100 times less power than the CCD sensor architecture. Figure 1: Comparing the readout architectures of interline transfer CCD and sCMOS sensors. Left: Interline transfer CCD format, where electrons are transferred from the sensor to a readout register, to an output node, amplified (via a capacitor (C) and amplifier (A)), and converted to digital grayscale levels by an ADC. This is then sent to a computer. Right: A typical CMOS format, where each pixel has a capacitor and amplifier. This means that photons that hit each pixel create electrons that are converted to a readable voltage across the pixel. The voltages from the entire column are sent to an ADC (of which there is one per column), which is sent directly to a computer. This allows CMOS cameras to be much faster as they work in parallel. \u3000\u3000sCMOS Technology \u3000\u3000In 2009, scientific CMOS (sCMOS) technology was introduced, and sCMOS cameras became available in 2010-11. sCMOS cameras offer low noise, high speed, and a large field of view, making them ideal for a wide range of applications from astronomy to microscopy. \u3000\u3000Rolling Shutter and Global Mode \u3000\u3000sCMOS sensors differ from CCD sensors in that they typically have a rolling shutter. Image acquisition starts at the top of the sensor and works its way down line by line. This allows the sensor to acquire images at higher frame rates and with lower read noise. The speed of an sCMOS camera is directly related to the number of lines and the line time, which is the time between acquiring one line and another. \u3000\u3000The rolling shutter &quot;opens&quot; and &quot;closes&quot; by clearing the charge already within a row and measuring any new incoming photons. This allows overlap to occur between the current row of pixels in the acquired frame (the image being acquired) and the lower row of pixels in the previous frame (the image being read out) (Figure 2). Figure 2: Schematic diagram indicating how the acquisition of a frame overlaps with the readout of the previous frame. This enables sCMOS to have fast acquisition and readout. \u3000\u3000Some sCMOS sensors can be used in a pseudo-global shutter mode to achieve zero distortion and enable applications involving hardware changes between frames, such as sequential dual-channel acquisition. This pseudo-global shutter takes advantage of the control of the light source triggering. To create this global shutter, the camera needs to activate the rolling shutter in dark conditions. Then, by triggering the light source and stopping the light at the same time as stopping the camera, an area of the array can be illuminated at the same time, just like a global shutter (as shown in Figure 3). Figure 3: The three main shutter formats. Most CCD\/EMCCs have a true global shutter, which allows all pixels to be read simultaneously when they are exposed to light. Most sCMOS sensors have a rolling shutter, which, while fast and sensitive (from a back-illuminated sensor), can produce artifacts. A pseudo-global shutter uses a trigger to control the light source, allowing a global shutter to be used within a rolling shutter (if timed precisely). \u3000\u3000Comparison between CCD and sCMOS \u3000\u3000The differences in CCD and sCMOS sensor architectures have both advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages of sCMOS technology over CCD technology are as follows: \u3000\u30001. Low read noise: sCMOS has a read noise of ~1 e-, while CCD has a read noise of 5-6 e-. To learn about the role of reduced read noise and increased sensitivity, click here. \u3000\u30002. High speed: sCMOS can reach up to 100s fps, while CCD is ~20 fps. This is because each column has an associated ADC, so a small portion of the data needs to be processed. \u3000\u30003. Large field of view: sCMOS sensors have a diagonal range of 19-29 mm, while CCDs have a diagonal range of 11-16 mm \u3000\u30004. Power efficiency: Due to parallelization, sCMOS consumes 100 times less power than CCD \u3000\u3000While sCMOS technology is superior to CCD technology in many ways, it does have some disadvantages: \u3000\u3000Increased temporal and fixed pattern noise: When each pixel is read out individually, more temporal and fixed pattern noise is introduced. sCMOS sensors have more active readout area compared to CCDs, which leads to an increase in these noise sources. This can be reduced by careful electronic design and calibration by the camera company. \u3000\u3000Rolling shutter artifacts: sCMOS sensors can use a rolling shutter to acquire images, but if dynamic objects in the image are fast enough to move on a similar time scale as the rolling shutter, distortion effects can be introduced. Staggered readouts between the top and bottom rows of the sensor can also cause image artifacts and information loss, and significantly increase the effective minimum exposure time for some applications. \u3000\u3000Back-illuminated sCMOS \u3000\u3000Some early sCMOS sensors had background quality and noise issues, limiting the use of CMOS in more demanding applications. To overcome this issue, the technology needed to be improved with higher sensitivity. In 2016, back-illuminated sCMOS was introduced, offering 95% peak quantum efficiency (QE) without compromising pixel size, while also improving background quality. Figure 4 shows a schematic of back-illuminated sCMOS technology,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12972","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12972"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12972\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}