{"id":12957,"date":"2024-07-18T08:17:29","date_gmt":"2024-07-18T08:17:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk?p=12957"},"modified":"2024-07-18T08:22:09","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T08:22:09","slug":"taking-the-mobile-phone-camera-module-as-an-example-the-detailed-composition-of-the-camera-module-is-introduced-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/lay-mo-dun-camera-dien-thoai-di-dong-lam-vi-du-thanh-phan-chi-tiet-cua-mo-dun-camera-duoc-gioi-thieu-2\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ea5y m\u00f4-\u0111un camera \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00f4-\u0111un camera \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 module camera<\/span><\/p>\n

Camera module, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Camera Compact Module, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 CCM. CCM bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh: \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y tho\u1ea1i (VCM), c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch linh ho\u1ea1t (FPC), chip x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh (DSP).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p CMOS ho\u1eb7c CCD, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u00ean trong (ISP) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 (DSP) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chu\u1ea9n GRB, YUV v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00f4-\u0111un m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ed0ng k\u00ednh: T\u1eadp trung \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u00e2m thanh (VCM): Ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc c\u1eaft IR: L\u1ecdc b\u1ecf \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bo m\u1ea1ch in m\u1ec1m (FPCB): K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u00f4-\u0111un camera v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f4-\u0111un camera \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1721290336691118.png\"\/<\/p>\n

\"1721290336426109.png\"\/<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u1ed0ng k\u00ednh<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh l\u1ed7 kim. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o chip nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1721290397144171.png\"<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ed0ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. \u1ed0ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ee7y tinh v\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, 2G2P c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb hai \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh th\u1ee7y tinh v\u00e0 hai \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh nh\u1ef1a. Nh\u00ecn chung, \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh th\u1ee7y tinh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1721290420656259.png\"<\/p>\n

2. VCM (\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i)<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Voice Coil Motor, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 trong \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. V\u00ec nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 loa n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 voice coil, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed k\u00e9o gi\u00e3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m l\u00f2 xo b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n DC c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 trong t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng. Camera \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i VCM \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00f4ng qua VCM \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 n\u00e9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. Khi cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra (\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Ampere), t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c h\u00fat ho\u1eb7c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1edbi nam ch\u00e2m v\u0129nh c\u1eedu ngo\u1ea1i vi, khi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y, cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n qua l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, do \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

VCM th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi VCM Driver IC (chip \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n VCM) v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n AF (L\u1ea5y n\u00e9t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng). \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp b\u1edfi C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ISP v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n AF trong ISP t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Driver IC th\u00f4ng qua I2C. Driver IC t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh quang h\u1ecdc (OIS) v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1721290447757468.png\"<\/p>\n

\"15.png\"\/<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t VCM<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a VCM ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e0ng cao. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i VCM<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i: (1) c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ki\u1ec3u l\u00f2 xo; (2) c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ki\u1ec3u bi; (3) c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ki\u1ec3u ma s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i: (1) \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00f2ng h\u1edf; (2) \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00f2ng k\u00edn; (3) \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 thay th\u1ebf; (4) \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh quang h\u1ecdc OIS (chia th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn, lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00eang-d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n, lo\u1ea1i kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u1edb, v.v.); (5) \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u00e1u tr\u1ee5c OIS+v\u00f2ng k\u00edn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd AF<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, Driver t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i \u0111a, khi\u1ebfn \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ed1i \u0111a. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 l\u01b0u ch\u00fang v\u00e0o DSP. DSP t\u00ednh to\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb MTF (H\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf) c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i \u0111a trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong MTF n\u00e0y. Th\u00f4ng qua thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, n\u00f3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Driver cung c\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cho cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u00e2m thanh, \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00f3ng to v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t<\/span><\/p>\n

A: \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c zoom quang h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 zoom (ZOOM) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c thu nh\u1ecf.<\/span><\/p>\n

B: T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t (AF)<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh (thay v\u00ec \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh) \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch micro, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 quang h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 zoom quang h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/span><\/p>\n

Thu ph\u00f3ng quang h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh, thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thu nh\u1ecf h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh;<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 quang h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh (thay v\u00ec \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh) \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. B\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc c\u1eaft IR l\u00e0 l\u1ecdc b\u1ecf \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ea1m vi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ea3m quang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u1ea1m vi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ea3m quang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ecdc b\u1ecf \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e0u v\u00e0 g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u00e0u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ISP ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc c\u1eaft IR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: IR th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 IR th\u1ee7y tinh xanh. Lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c t\u00edm, ng\u0103n ch\u00fang \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, trong khi lo\u1ea1i sau h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c t\u00edm, ng\u0103n ch\u00fang \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn. Lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc trong hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 lo\u1ea1i sau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00f4-\u0111un v\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ed1t quang tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ed1t quang n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh thu th\u1eadp th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c tr\u00ean v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ti\u1ebfp theo x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb pixel, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng pixel v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ed1t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau theo c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng qua chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i A\/D b\u00ean trong.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1721290487898192.png\"<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ed1t quang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u00edch t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p tr\u00ean t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng qua A\/D, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh thang \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e1m. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea3nh c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea3nh c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n m\u00e0u \u0111en. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i diode nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn CCD v\u00e0 C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn CMOS. CCD l\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gh\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gh\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch; CMOS l\u00e0 B\u00e1n d\u1eabn oxit kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed5 sung. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn CMOS v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn CCD tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y do c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb di \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn CCD l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec5u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 CMOS v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eed nhi\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a ISP.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u photodiode tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Khi photodiode ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec v\u1eady hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.1 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/h5>\n

\"17.png\"\/<\/p>\n

4.2 Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/p>\n

Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng: CCD, CMOS (PPS v\u00e0 APS)<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau: FSI chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, BSI chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng ph\u00eda sau, x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/p>\n

4.3 C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1<\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ea3m quang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh. Trong c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ea3m quang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t pixel. C\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u pixel, n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. Pixel c\u00e0ng cao, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. T\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i camera l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pixel, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1280\u00d7960=1228800<\/span><\/p>\n

2. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng inch. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tivi, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 1\/3 inch. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, trong khi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf th\u00ec c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng qua CCD ho\u1eb7c CMOS v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed li\u00ean quan. \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0n tr\u1eadp c\u00e0ng cao, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng khi ch\u1ee5p xe \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ban \u0111\u00eam.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. M\u00e0n tr\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0n tr\u1eadp c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh. N\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. V\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i, th\u1eddi gian t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. M\u00e0n tr\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00e0ng nhanh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 khung h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian. Ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ho\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh. Theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 15 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\/gi\u00e2y (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 15 khung h\u00ecnh), m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1ea3y; khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa 24 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\/gi\u00e2y v\u00e0 30 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\/gi\u00e2y (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 24 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 khung h\u00ecnh), hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khung h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean gi\u00e2y (fps) ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 khung h\u00ecnh cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y khi x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 khung h\u00ecnh cao h\u01a1n mang l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0 h\u01a1n, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5u<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p nhi\u1ec5u, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5u l\u00e0 dB. Nh\u00ecn chung, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5u do camera \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khi t\u1eaft AGC (\u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng), v\u00ec khi b\u1eadt AGC, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec5u c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng theo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5u l\u00e0 45-55dB. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 50dB, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5u nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t; n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 60dB, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec5u. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5u c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec5u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec3m nhi\u1ec5u trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec5u c\u00e0ng cao, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e0ng s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m nhi\u1ec5u d\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u00ecn ban \u0111\u00eam c\u00e0ng \u00edt.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.4 Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 Internet<\/span><\/p>\n

4.4.1 D\u1eee LI\u1ec6U TH\u00d4<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n, sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng qua AD b\u00ean trong. V\u00ec m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng R, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng B ho\u1eb7c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng G, n\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea3nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u D\u1eee LI\u1ec6U RAW. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u D\u1eee LI\u1ec6U RAW c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea3nh th\u00e0nh ba m\u00e0u ch\u00ednh, ISP c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.4.2 X\u1eed l\u00fd ISP<\/span><\/p>\n

ISP (X\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn thu th\u1eadp sang \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Sau khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111i qua th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdc qua b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc m\u00e0u r\u1ed3i chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn;<\/span><\/p>\n

2. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n, sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng qua AD b\u00ean trong.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.1. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ISP, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n (d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0 d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, xem "Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng" \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft; d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 D\u1eee LI\u1ec6U TH\u00d4.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.2. N\u1ebfu ISP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u RAW DATA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng AWB (c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eafng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng), ma tr\u1eadn m\u00e0u, \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00f3ng \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh, gamma, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eafc n\u00e9t, AE (ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng) v\u00e0 kh\u1eed nhi\u1ec5u, sau \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng YUV ho\u1eb7c RGB.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.4.3 \u201cNguy\u00ean t\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng\u201d \u2013 B\u0103ng t\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a baseband trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Baseband, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 (b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1) v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i b\u1edfi "ngu\u1ed3n" (ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf (chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ed5), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 baseband. Baseband t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1, d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1: b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u baseband chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf (s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef).<\/span><\/p>\n

5 \u3001B\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 DSP (DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING) c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua USB v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi PC v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa DSP v\u00e0 ISP<\/span><\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef:<\/span><\/p>\n

ISP l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Image Signal Processor, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

DSP l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Digital Signal Processor, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

ISP th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 AEC (Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng), AGC (Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng), AWB (C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eafng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng), hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00e0u, \u0110\u1ed5 b\u00f3ng \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh, hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh gamma, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea3nh x\u1ea5u, M\u1ee9c \u0111en t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, M\u1ee9c tr\u1eafng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, v.v. (\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft, vui l\u00f2ng truy c\u1eadp: https:\/\/blog.csdn.net\/djfjkj52\/article\/details\/115324741 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 "M\u00e1y \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng, l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eafng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, ISP, x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0u")<\/span><\/p>\n

DSP c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ch\u00fang (m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 JPEG), ghi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t l\u1ea1i (m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 Video), m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 H.264 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. B\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in m\u1ec1m<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Bo m\u1ea1ch in m\u1ec1m (FPCB) l\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1721290547985179.png\"<\/p>\n

\"1721290568384286.png\"<\/p>\n

7. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a camera \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/p>\n

Li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1721290590471615.png\"<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a camera \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch 3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng):<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ed0ng k\u00ednh camera: \u1ed0ng k\u00ednh camera c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i qua \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh COMS.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh CMOS chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n, sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ed9 ADC b\u00ean trong.<\/span><\/p>\n

ISP: T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ISP \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eafng, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng, v.v.<\/span><\/p>\n

SOC: B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng (nh\u01b0 App). D\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 b\u1edfi CPU v\u00e0 GPU, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u00eam b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc, v.v.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb: Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Introduction to camera module Camera module , full name Camera Compact Module, abbreviated as CCM. CCM includes several major parts: lens, voice coil motor (VCM), sensor, flexible circuit board (FPC), image processing chip (DSP). Working principle: The light gathered by the object through the lens is converted into an electrical signal through the CMOS or CCD integrated circuit, and then converted into a digital image signal through the internal image processor (ISP) and output to the digital signal processor (DSP) for processing and conversion into a standard GRB, YUV and other format image signal. The camera module mainly consists of the following parts: Lens: Focuses light onto the image sensor. Voice coil motor (VCM): Completes the camera's autofocus. IR-cut filter: Filters out invisible light to the human eye. Image sensor: Converts light signals into electrical signals. Flexible printed circuit board (FPCB): Connects the camera module to the main processor and transmits data. The following figure shows the structure of several core components of a common mobile phone camera module. 2. Composition 1. Lens The main function of the lens is to converge the light collected from the outside world onto the image sensor. The principle is pinhole imaging. With different lenses, the light is focused onto the photosensitive chip at the bottom of the lens (that is, the sensor) to form Modern lenses are generally composed of several lenses to achieve more complex imaging effects. Lenses are divided into glass and plastic materials. For example, 2G2P means that this set of lenses is composed of two glass lenses and two plastic lenses. Generally, glass lenses have better imaging effects and are more expensive. 2. VCM (Voice Coil Motor) The full name is Voice Coil Motor, which is a type of motor in electronics. Because the principle is similar to that of a speaker, it is called a voice coil motor, which has the characteristics of high frequency response and high precision. Its main principle is to control the stretching position of the spring sheet by changing the DC current of the coil in the motor in a permanent magnetic field, thereby driving the up and down movement. Mobile phone cameras widely use VCM to achieve the autofocus function. The position of the lens can be adjusted through VCM to present a clear image. A coil is placed in a permanent magnetic field. When the coil is energized, a magnetic field will be generated (Ampere's law), which will generate attraction or repulsion with the peripheral permanent magnet, causing the coil to move under force. If the lens is placed on the coil, the coil can be driven to move back and forth by changing the current size, thereby controlling the position of the lens and completing the focusing function. VCM is usually used with VCM Driver IC (VCM driver chip) and AF (Auto Focus) algorithm. First, the image collected by the Sensor is input into the ISP, and the AF algorithm in the ISP calculates the focus steps of the current image and transmits it to the Driver IC through I2C. The Driver IC calculates the current required to move the coil to that position, thereby accurately controlling the behavior of the lens to achieve the effect of autofocus. Of course, this method can also achieve the effect of Optical Image Stabilizer (OIS), and the principle is the same. VCM Performance Indicators The performance of VCM mainly depends on the ratio of current to travel distance. Starting from the starting current, the current rise must be proportional to the travel distance that can be driven. The smaller the required rising current, the higher the accuracy. At the same time, it also depends on the maximum power consumption, maximum power, and size. VCM classification Structurally, they can be divided into three categories: (1) spring-type structure; (2) ball-type structure; (3) friction type structure. Based on their functions, they can be roughly divided into five categories: (1) Open loop motor; (2) Close loop motor; (3) Alternate motor; (4) OIS optical image stabilization motor (divided into translation type, tilt-shift type, memory metal type, etc.); (5) OIS+Close loop six-axis motor. AF principle After entering the auto focus mode, the Driver increases from 0 to the maximum value, causing the lens to move from its original position to the maximum displacement. At this time, the sensor imaging surface automatically takes pictures and saves them in the DSP. The DSP calculates the MTF (Modulation transfer function) value of each picture through these pictures, and then finds the maximum value in this MTF curve. Through the algorithm, it obtains the current size corresponding to this point, and once again instructs the Driver to provide this current to the voice coil, so that the lens is stabilized on this imaging surface, so as to achieve automatic focus. Zoom and focus A: To achieve optical zoom, a zoom motor (ZOOM) is used By moving the lens inside the lens to change the position of the focus, changing the focal length of the lens, and changing the angle of view of the lens, the effect can be magnified or reduced. B: Auto focus using focus motor (AF) By moving the position of the entire lens (rather than the lens inside the lens) at a micro distance, the focal length of the lens is controlled to achieve clear images. This is a common method used in mobile phones. Optical focus and optical zoom are different concepts: Optical zoom is to change the focus position by moving the relative position of the lens inside the lens, changing the length of the lens focal length, and changing the angle of view of the lens, thereby achieving image magnification and reduction; Optical focus actually adjusts the position of the entire lens (rather than the lens inside the lens) to control the image distance, thereby making the image clearest. 3. Infrared filter The function of the IR-cut filter is to filter out infrared light. The wavelength range of light that the human eye and electronic<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[381],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-knowledge"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12957","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12957"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12957\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12957"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12957"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12957"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}