{"id":12972,"date":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","date_gmt":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk?p=12972"},"modified":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","modified_gmt":"2024-07-26T02:06:36","slug":"scientific-grade-cmos-scmos-cameras-fundamentals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/\u79d1\u5b78\u7d1acmos-scmos\u76f8\u6a5f\u57fa\u790e\u77e5\u8b58\/","title":{"rendered":"\u79d1\u5b78\u7d1a CMOS (sCMOS) \u76f8\u6a5f\uff1a\u57fa\u790e\u77e5\u8b58"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\u4e0b\u8f09.jpg\"\/<\/p>\n

\u4ecb\u7d39<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e92\u88dc\u91d1\u5c6c\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u534a\u5c0e\u9ad4 (CMOS) \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u81ea 20 \u4e16\u7d00 90 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6280\u8853\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u7684 CMOS \u76f8\u6a5f\u8207\u66f4\u6210\u719f\u7684 CCD \u6280\u8853\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u4f46\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7d00 90 \u5e74\u4ee3\u548c 2000 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0cCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u6280\u8853\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u9032\uff0cCCD \u6280\u8853\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u6d88\u8cbb\u6578\u4f4d\u76f8\u6a5f\u7684\u9996\u9078\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u3002\u8a72\u6280\u8853\u96a8\u5f8c\u5f97\u5230\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6539\u9032\uff0c\u4ee5\u6eff\u8db3\u79d1\u5b78\u6210\u50cf\u6240\u9700\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

CMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u6280\u8853\u8207CCD \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\u5728\u65bc\uff0cCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u4e0d\u50cfCCD \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u90a3\u6a23\u900f\u904e\u4e00\u500b\u8f38\u51fa\u7bc0\u9ede\u3001\u4e00\u500b\u653e\u5927\u5668\u548c\u4e00\u500b\u985e\u6bd4\u6578\u4f4d\u8f49\u63db\u5668(ADC) \u70ba\u6240\u6709\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u50cf\u7d20\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a0a\u865f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6bcf\u500b\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u50cf\u7d20\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u578b\u5316\u96fb\u5bb9\u5668\u548c\u653e\u5927\u5668\u3002\u6bcf\u500b ADC \u540c\u6642\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8b80\u51fa\u6574\u500b\u5217\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6574\u500b\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u7684\u55ae\u4e00\u50cf\u7d20\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u8655\u7406\u901f\u5ea6\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6240\u9700\u529f\u8017\u6bd4 CCD \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u67b6\u69cb\u4f4e 100 \u500d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u4e0b\u8f09<\/p>\n

\u5716 1\uff1a\u6bd4\u8f03\u884c\u9593\u50b3\u8f38 CCD \u548c sCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u7684\u8b80\u51fa\u67b6\u69cb\u3002\u5de6\u5716\uff1a\u884c\u9593\u50b3\u8f38 CCD \u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u96fb\u5b50\u5f9e\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u50b3\u8f38\u5230\u8b80\u51fa\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\uff0c\u518d\u50b3\u8f38\u5230\u8f38\u51fa\u7bc0\u9ede\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u653e\u5927\uff08\u900f\u904e\u96fb\u5bb9\u5668 (C) \u548c\u653e\u5927\u5668 (A)\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u7531 ADC \u8f49\u63db\u70ba\u6578\u4f4d\u7070\u968e\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\u5c07\u5176\u767c\u9001\u5230\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u3002\u53f3\uff1a\u5178\u578b\u7684 CMOS \u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u500b\u50cf\u7d20\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u96fb\u5bb9\u5668\u548c\u653e\u5927\u5668\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u649e\u64ca\u6bcf\u500b\u50cf\u7d20\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u6703\u7522\u751f\u96fb\u5b50\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u96fb\u5b50\u88ab\u8f49\u63db\u70ba\u50cf\u7d20\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u8b80\u96fb\u58d3\u3002\u6574\u5217\u7684\u96fb\u58d3\u88ab\u9001\u5230 ADC\uff08\u6bcf\u5217\u4e00\u500b\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u76f4\u63a5\u9001\u5230\u96fb\u8166\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97 CMOS \u76f8\u6a5f\u5728\u4e26\u884c\u5de5\u4f5c\u6642\u901f\u5ea6\u66f4\u5feb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000CMOS\u6280\u8853<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u30002009\u5e74\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78CMOS (sCMOS)\u6280\u8853\u63a8\u51fa\uff0csCMOS\u76f8\u6a5f\u65bc2010-11\u5e74\u4e0a\u5e02\u3002 sCMOS \u76f8\u6a5f\u5177\u6709\u4f4e\u96dc\u8a0a\u3001\u9ad8\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u5927\u8996\u91ce\u7684\u7279\u9ede\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u70ba\u5f9e\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u5230\u986f\u5fae\u93e1\u7b49\u5ee3\u6cdb\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u9078\u64c7\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6372\u52d5\u5feb\u9580\u548c\u5168\u57df\u6a21\u5f0f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000sCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u8207 CCD \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\u5728\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u6372\u7c3e\u5feb\u9580\u3002\u5f71\u50cf\u64f7\u53d6\u5f9e\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u9802\u90e8\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u9010\u884c\u5411\u4e0b\u9032\u884c\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u80fd\u5920\u4ee5\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5e40\u901f\u7387\u548c\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u8b80\u53d6\u96dc\u8a0a\u64f7\u53d6\u5f71\u50cf\u3002 sCMOS \u76f8\u6a5f\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8207\u7dda\u6578\u548c\u7dda\u8def\u6642\u9593\uff08\u5373\u64f7\u53d6\u4e00\u689d\u7dda\u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u689d\u7dda\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff09\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u95dc\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6372\u7c3e\u5feb\u9580\u900f\u904e\u6e05\u9664\u884c\u5167\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u96fb\u8377\u4e26\u6e2c\u91cf\u4efb\u4f55\u65b0\u7684\u50b3\u5165\u5149\u5b50\u4f86\u300c\u6253\u958b\u300d\u548c\u300c\u95dc\u9589\u300d\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u6240\u64f7\u53d6\u5f71\u683c\uff08\u6b63\u5728\u64f7\u53d6\u7684\u5f71\u50cf\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u76ee\u524d\u50cf\u7d20\u884c\u8207\u524d\u4e00\u5e40\uff08\u6b63\u5728\u8b80\u53d6\u7684\u5f71\u50cf\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0b\u50cf\u7d20\u884c\u4e4b\u9593\u767c\u751f\u91cd\u758a\uff08\u5716 2\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u4e0b\u8f09(2).jpg\"\/<\/p>\n

\u5716 2\uff1a\u793a\u610f\u5716\u986f\u793a\u5f71\u683c\u7684\u64f7\u53d6\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u524d\u4e00\u5e40\u7684\u8b80\u51fa\u91cd\u758a\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97 sCMOS \u80fd\u5920\u5feb\u901f\u64f7\u53d6\u548c\u8b80\u51fa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e9b sCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u507d\u5168\u57df\u5feb\u9580\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u5be6\u73fe\u96f6\u5931\u771f\u4e26\u652f\u63f4\u6d89\u53ca\u5e40\u4e4b\u9593\u786c\u9ad4\u8b8a\u66f4\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9806\u5e8f\u96d9\u901a\u9053\u64f7\u53d6\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u507d\u5168\u57df\u5feb\u9580\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u5149\u6e90\u89f8\u767c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5275\u5efa\u9019\u7a2e\u5168\u5c40\u5feb\u9580\uff0c\u76f8\u6a5f\u9700\u8981\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u555f\u52d5\u6372\u7c3e\u5feb\u9580\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u89f8\u767c\u5149\u6e90\u4e26\u5728\u505c\u6b62\u76f8\u6a5f\u7684\u540c\u6642\u505c\u6b62\u5149\u7167\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6642\u7167\u4eae\u9663\u5217\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u5340\u57df\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5168\u57df\u5feb\u9580\u4e00\u6a23\uff08\u5982\u57163\u6240\u793a\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u4e0b\u8f09<\/p>\n

\u5716 3\uff1a\u4e09\u7a2e\u4e3b\u8981\u5feb\u9580\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6578 CCD\/EMCC \u5177\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5168\u57df\u5feb\u9580\uff0c\u5141\u8a31\u6240\u6709\u50cf\u7d20\u5728\u66dd\u5149\u6642\u540c\u6642\u8b80\u53d6\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6578 sCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u6372\u7c3e\u5feb\u9580\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5feb\u901f\u4e14\u9748\u654f\uff08\u4f86\u81ea\u80cc\u7167\u5f0f\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u7522\u751f\u507d\u5f71\u3002\u507d\u5168\u57df\u5feb\u9580\u4f7f\u7528\u89f8\u767c\u5668\u4f86\u63a7\u5236\u5149\u6e90\uff0c\u5141\u8a31\u5728\u6372\u7c3e\u5feb\u9580\u5167\u4f7f\u7528\u5168\u57df\u5feb\u9580\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5b9a\u6642\u7cbe\u78ba\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000CCD\u8207sCMOS\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

CCD \u548c sCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u67b6\u69cb\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u65e2\u6709\u512a\u9ede\u4e5f\u6709\u7f3a\u9ede\u3002 sCMOS \u6280\u8853\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc CCD \u6280\u8853\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u512a\u9ede\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u4f4e\u8b80\u53d6\u96dc\u8a0a\uff1asCMOS \u7684\u8b80\u53d6\u96dc\u8a0a\u7d04\u70ba 1 e-\uff0c\u800c CCD \u7684\u8b80\u53d6\u96dc\u8a0a\u70ba 5-6 e-\u3002\u82e5\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u6e1b\u5c11\u8b80\u53d6\u96dc\u8a0a\u548c\u63d0\u9ad8\u9748\u654f\u5ea6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8acb\u6309\u4e00\u4e0b\u6b64\u8655\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u9ad8\u901f\u5ea6\uff1asCMOS \u6700\u9ad8\u53ef\u9054 100s fps\uff0c\u800c CCD \u7d04\u70ba 20 fps\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6bcf\u4e00\u5217\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u806f\u7684 ADC\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u8655\u7406\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u8cc7\u6599\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

3.\u5927\u8996\u5834\uff1asCMOS\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u7684\u5c0d\u89d2\u7dda\u7bc4\u570d\u70ba19-29\u6beb\u7c73\uff0c\u800cCCD\u7684\u5c0d\u89d2\u7dda\u7bc4\u570d\u70ba11-16\u6beb\u7c73<\/span><\/p>\n

4.\u529f\u7387\u6548\u7387\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u4e26\u884c\u5316\uff0csCMOS\u7684\u8017\u96fb\u91cf\u6bd4CCD\u4f4e100\u500d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u96d6\u7136 sCMOS \u6280\u8853\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u512a\u65bc CCD \u6280\u8853\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u9ede\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u589e\u52a0\u6642\u9593\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u96dc\u8a0a\uff1a\u7576\u55ae\u7368\u8b80\u51fa\u6bcf\u500b\u50cf\u7d20\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u5f15\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u6642\u9593\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u96dc\u8a0a\u3002\u8207 CCD \u76f8\u6bd4\uff0csCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8b80\u51fa\u5340\u57df\uff0c\u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u9019\u4e9b\u96dc\u8a0a\u6e90\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u76f8\u6a5f\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u4ed4\u7d30\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u8a2d\u8a08\u548c\u6821\u6e96\u4f86\u6e1b\u5c11\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6372\u7c3e\u5feb\u9580\u507d\u5f71\uff1asCMOS \u611f\u5149\u5143\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6372\u7c3e\u5feb\u9580\u4f86\u53d6\u5f97\u5f71\u50cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5f71\u50cf\u4e2d\u7684\u52d5\u614b\u7269\u9ad4\u901f\u5ea6\u5920\u5feb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8207\u6372\u7c3e\u5feb\u9580\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u79fb\u52d5\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5f15\u5165\u5931\u771f\u6548\u61c9\u3002\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u9802\u884c\u548c\u5e95\u884c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4ea4\u932f\u8b80\u51fa\u4e5f\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5f71\u50cf\u507d\u5f71\u548c\u8cc7\u8a0a\u907a\u5931\uff0c\u4e26\u986f\u8457\u589e\u52a0\u67d0\u4e9b\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6700\u5c0f\u66dd\u5149\u6642\u9593\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u80cc\u7167\u5f0f sCMOS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\u7684 sCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u5b58\u5728\u80cc\u666f\u54c1\u8cea\u548c\u96dc\u8a0a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u4e86 CMOS \u5728\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u514b\u670d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6539\u9032\u6280\u8853\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u9748\u654f\u5ea6\u3002 2016 \u5e74\uff0c\u63a8\u51fa\u80cc\u7167\u5f0f sCMOS\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u50cf\u7d20\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u63d0\u4f9b 95% \u5cf0\u503c\u91cf\u5b50\u6548\u7387 (QE)\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u80cc\u666f\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u5716 4 \u986f\u793a\u4e86\u80cc\u7167\u5f0f sCMOS \u6280\u8853\u7684\u793a\u610f\u5716\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u986f\u793a\u65e9\u671f sCMOS \u548c\u80cc\u7167\u5f0f sCMOS \u4e4b\u9593\u5dee\u7570\u7684 QE \u66f2\u7dda\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5716 4\uff1a\u524d\u7167\u5f0f sCMOS \u6280\u8853\u8207\u80cc\u7167\u5f0f sCMOS \u6280\u8853\u3002\u4e0a\u5716\uff1a\u524d\u7167\u5f0f\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\uff08\u5de6\uff09\u7684 QE \u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5149\u5728\u7167\u5c04\u5230\u77fd\u57fa\u677f\u4e4b\u524d\u6703\u5728\u50cf\u7d20\u548c\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u4f48\u7dda\u5167\u6563\u5c04\u3002\u5728\u80cc\u7167\u5f0f\u611f\u5149\u5143\u4ef6\uff08\u53f3\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5149\u7dda\u76f4\u63a5\u7167\u5c04\u611f\u5149\u5143\u4ef6\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684 QE\u3002\u5e95\u90e8\uff1a\u5404\u7a2e\u524d\u7167\u5f0f sCMOS \u6280\u8853\uff08\u65e9\u671f\u7684 72% \u548c 82% sCMOS\uff09\u8207\u80cc\u7167\u5f0f sCMOS \u6280\u8853\uff08KURO \u7684 QE \u5cf0\u503c\u70ba 95%\uff09\u7684 QE \u66f2\u7dda\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u7e3d\u7d50<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000sCMOS \u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u5229\u7528\u5c07\u4e3b\u52d5\u96fb\u8def\u6574\u5408\u5230\u5404\u500b\u50cf\u7d20\u4e2d\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u3002\u9019\u5141\u8a31\u55ae\u7368\u8b80\u51fa\u6bcf\u500b\u50cf\u7d20\u3002\u6bcf\u5217\u9084\u9644\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u985e\u6bd4\u6578\u4f4d\u8f49\u63db\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u5be6\u73fe\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5e40\u901f\u7387\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6301\u4f4e\u8b80\u53d6\u96dc\u8a0a\u3001\u5927\u8996\u5834\u548c\u9ad8\u529f\u7387\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5118\u7ba1\u7531\u65bc\u611f\u6e2c\u5668\u4e0a\u4e3b\u52d5\u96fb\u8def\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u5c0e\u81f4\u6642\u9593\u96dc\u8a0a\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u96dc\u8a0a\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46 sCMOS \u6280\u8853\u5728\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u4e2d\u4ecd\u5177\u6709\u512a\u52e2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

introduce \u3000\u3000Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors are a technology that has been around since the 1990s. Early CMOS cameras were competing with the more mature CCD technology, but during the 1990s and early 2000s, CMOS sensor technology improved and CCD technology was surpassed as the sensor of choice for consumer digital cameras. The technology was subsequently further improved to meet the higher requirements necessary for scientific imaging. \u3000\u3000CMOS sensor technology differs from CCD sensors in that, instead of feeding all sensor pixels through one output node, one amplifier, and one analog-to-digital converter (ADC) as in CCD sensors, CMOS sensors have a miniaturized capacitor and amplifier on each pixel, and one ADC on each column (as shown in Figure 1). Each ADC works simultaneously, reading out the entire column, rather than a single pixel of the entire sensor. This makes the process faster and requires 100 times less power than the CCD sensor architecture. Figure 1: Comparing the readout architectures of interline transfer CCD and sCMOS sensors. Left: Interline transfer CCD format, where electrons are transferred from the sensor to a readout register, to an output node, amplified (via a capacitor (C) and amplifier (A)), and converted to digital grayscale levels by an ADC. This is then sent to a computer. Right: A typical CMOS format, where each pixel has a capacitor and amplifier. This means that photons that hit each pixel create electrons that are converted to a readable voltage across the pixel. The voltages from the entire column are sent to an ADC (of which there is one per column), which is sent directly to a computer. This allows CMOS cameras to be much faster as they work in parallel. \u3000\u3000sCMOS Technology \u3000\u3000In 2009, scientific CMOS (sCMOS) technology was introduced, and sCMOS cameras became available in 2010-11. sCMOS cameras offer low noise, high speed, and a large field of view, making them ideal for a wide range of applications from astronomy to microscopy. \u3000\u3000Rolling Shutter and Global Mode \u3000\u3000sCMOS sensors differ from CCD sensors in that they typically have a rolling shutter. Image acquisition starts at the top of the sensor and works its way down line by line. This allows the sensor to acquire images at higher frame rates and with lower read noise. The speed of an sCMOS camera is directly related to the number of lines and the line time, which is the time between acquiring one line and another. \u3000\u3000The rolling shutter "opens" and "closes" by clearing the charge already within a row and measuring any new incoming photons. This allows overlap to occur between the current row of pixels in the acquired frame (the image being acquired) and the lower row of pixels in the previous frame (the image being read out) (Figure 2). Figure 2: Schematic diagram indicating how the acquisition of a frame overlaps with the readout of the previous frame. This enables sCMOS to have fast acquisition and readout. \u3000\u3000Some sCMOS sensors can be used in a pseudo-global shutter mode to achieve zero distortion and enable applications involving hardware changes between frames, such as sequential dual-channel acquisition. This pseudo-global shutter takes advantage of the control of the light source triggering. To create this global shutter, the camera needs to activate the rolling shutter in dark conditions. Then, by triggering the light source and stopping the light at the same time as stopping the camera, an area of the array can be illuminated at the same time, just like a global shutter (as shown in Figure 3). Figure 3: The three main shutter formats. Most CCD\/EMCCs have a true global shutter, which allows all pixels to be read simultaneously when they are exposed to light. Most sCMOS sensors have a rolling shutter, which, while fast and sensitive (from a back-illuminated sensor), can produce artifacts. A pseudo-global shutter uses a trigger to control the light source, allowing a global shutter to be used within a rolling shutter (if timed precisely). \u3000\u3000Comparison between CCD and sCMOS \u3000\u3000The differences in CCD and sCMOS sensor architectures have both advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages of sCMOS technology over CCD technology are as follows: \u3000\u30001. Low read noise: sCMOS has a read noise of ~1 e-, while CCD has a read noise of 5-6 e-. To learn about the role of reduced read noise and increased sensitivity, click here. \u3000\u30002. High speed: sCMOS can reach up to 100s fps, while CCD is ~20 fps. This is because each column has an associated ADC, so a small portion of the data needs to be processed. \u3000\u30003. Large field of view: sCMOS sensors have a diagonal range of 19-29 mm, while CCDs have a diagonal range of 11-16 mm \u3000\u30004. Power efficiency: Due to parallelization, sCMOS consumes 100 times less power than CCD \u3000\u3000While sCMOS technology is superior to CCD technology in many ways, it does have some disadvantages: \u3000\u3000Increased temporal and fixed pattern noise: When each pixel is read out individually, more temporal and fixed pattern noise is introduced. sCMOS sensors have more active readout area compared to CCDs, which leads to an increase in these noise sources. This can be reduced by careful electronic design and calibration by the camera company. \u3000\u3000Rolling shutter artifacts: sCMOS sensors can use a rolling shutter to acquire images, but if dynamic objects in the image are fast enough to move on a similar time scale as the rolling shutter, distortion effects can be introduced. Staggered readouts between the top and bottom rows of the sensor can also cause image artifacts and information loss, and significantly increase the effective minimum exposure time for some applications. \u3000\u3000Back-illuminated sCMOS \u3000\u3000Some early sCMOS sensors had background quality and noise issues, limiting the use of CMOS in more demanding applications. To overcome this issue, the technology needed to be improved with higher sensitivity. In 2016, back-illuminated sCMOS was introduced, offering 95% peak quantum efficiency (QE) without compromising pixel size, while also improving background quality. Figure 4 shows a schematic of back-illuminated sCMOS technology,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12972","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12972"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12972\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dgzx.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}